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The meaning of the terms "rational" and "irrational" in academic discourse often differs from how they are used in everyday language. Examples of behaviors considered irrational in ordinary discourse are giving into temptations , going out late even though one has to get up early in the morning, smoking despite being aware of the health risks ...
A rational agent or rational being is a person or entity that always aims to perform optimal actions based on given premises and information. A rational agent can be anything that makes decisions, typically a person , firm , machine , or software .
The definition of man as a rational animal was common in scholastical philosophy. [6] Catholic Encyclopedia states that this definition means that "in the system of classification and definition shown in the Arbor Porphyriana , man is a substance , corporeal , living , sentient , and rational ".
As the study of argument is of clear importance to the reasons that we hold things to be true, logic is of essential importance to rationality. Arguments may be logical if they are "conducted or assessed according to strict principles of validity", [1] while they are rational according to the broader requirement that they are based on reason and knowledge.
Homo economicus is usually seen as "rational" in the sense that well-being as defined by the utility function is optimized given perceived opportunities. [10] That is, the individual seeks to attain very specific and predetermined goals to the greatest extent with the least possible cost.
He labels all these trends as being post-metaphysical. [4] These post-metaphysical philosophical movements have, among other things: called into question the substantive conceptions of rationality (e.g. "a rational person thinks this") and put forward procedural or formal conceptions instead (e.g. "a rational person thinks like this");
An evolutionary psychology perspective suggests that many of the seeming contradictions and biases regarding rational choice can be explained as being rational in the context of maximizing biological fitness in the ancestral environment but not necessarily in the current one. Thus, when living at subsistence level where a reduction of resources ...
A person’s shaping his life in accordance with some overall [value rational] plan is his way of giving meaning to his life; only a being with the [value rational] capacity to shape his life [instrumentally] can have or strive for meaningful life. [5]: 50 The utilitarian right to satisfy individual ends does not prescribe just institutions.