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Steel is an alloy composed of between 0.2 and 2.0 percent carbon, with the balance being iron. From prehistory through the creation of the blast furnace, iron was produced from iron ore as wrought iron, 99.82–100 percent Fe, and the process of making steel involved adding carbon to iron, usually in a serendipitous manner, in the forge, or via the cementation process.
The American Steel Industry, 1850–1970: A Geographical Interpretation (1973) (ISBN 0198232144) Whaples, Robert. "Andrew Carnegie", EH.Net Encyclopedia of Economic and Business History online; U.S. Steel's History of U.S. Steel; Urofsky, Melvin I. Big Steel and the Wilson Administration: A Study in Business-Government Relations (1969) Spiegel ...
Steel: The Story of Pittsburgh's Iron & Steel Industry, 1852–1902 (Arcadia Publishing, 2016) online. Rogers, Robert P. An economic history of the American steel industry (Routledge, 2009) online. Temin, Peter. Iron and Steel in Nineteenth Century America: An Economic Inquiry (1964) Warren, Kenneth. Bethlehem Steel: Builder and Arsenal of America.
The world steel industry flattened from 2007 to 2009 at 1,300 million tonnes, before rising again, due to worldwide recession starting in 2008, with its heavy cutbacks in construction, sharply lowered demand and prices falling 40%.
The modern steel industry is one of the largest manufacturing industries in the world, but also one of the most energy and greenhouse gas emission intense industries, contributing 8% of global emissions. [2] However, steel is also very reusable: it is one of the world's most-recycled materials, with a recycling rate of over 60% globally. [3]
For each commodity they quote a range (low and high price) which reflect the buying and selling about 9-fold due to China's transition from light to heavy industry and its focus on manufacturing. [2] China became the world's largest consumer of iron ore in 2003, [ 3 ] and accounts for over half of global metal consumption.) [ 4 ]
The "World's Largest Plate Mill," formerly a part of U.S. Steel-Gary Works; History of the United States Steel Corporation, 1873–2011; Guide to United States Steel Corporation. Training manuals. 5342. Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Martin P. Catherwood Library, Cornell University. Fortune Magazine 1959 "Fortune ...
The industry argued that steel tariffs imposed in 2018 boosted steel prices, profits, and employment. They have also publicly called for stricter enforcement of trade laws and increased tariffs on steel-intensive products from China and Southeast Asia. [21]