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Harmful metabolite called laudanosine (lowering seizure threshold); greater accumulation in individuals with renal failure; Cisatracurium (Nimbex) 90 60–80 does not cause release of histamine refrigerated Vecuronium (Norcuron) 60 30–40 [13] Few, [13] may cause prolonged paralysis [13] and promote muscarinic block widely [13] non-refrigerated
Methadone, sold under the brand names Dolophine and Methadose among others, is a synthetic opioid used medically to treat chronic pain and opioid use disorder. [7] Prescribed for daily use, the medicine relieves cravings and opioid withdrawal symptoms. [10]
The term seizure threshold is used to describe the balance between excitatory (glutaminergic) and inhibitory (GABA-ergic) forces in the brain which affect how susceptible a person is to seizures. Those diagnosed with epilepsy or certain other neurological conditions are more vulnerable to seizures if the threshold is reduced, and should be ...
Substances that may cause it include anticonvulsants, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid, Methaqualone and ethanol. While most sedative-hypnotics are anticonvulsant, some such as GHB and methaqualone instead lower the seizure threshold, so can cause paradoxical seizures in overdose.
Breakthrough seizures are more likely with a number of triggers. [54]: 57 Often when a breakthrough seizure occurs in a person whose seizures have always been well controlled, there is a new underlying cause to the seizure. [55] Breakthrough seizures vary. Studies have shown the rates of breakthrough seizures ranging from 11 to 37%. [56]
Cats can have reactive, primary or secondary seizures. Idiopathic seizures are not as common in cats as in dogs; however, a 2008 study conducted showed that of 91 feline seizures, 25% were suspected to have had idiopathic epilepsy. [11] In the same group of 91 cats, 50% were secondary seizures and 20% reactive. [11]
Chlorpromazine may be used as an antiemetic in dogs and cats, or, less often, as a sedative before anesthesia. [73] In horses, it often causes ataxia and lethargy and is therefore seldom used. [72] [73] It is commonly used to decrease nausea in animals that are too young for other common antiemetics.
Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) or opioid-induced abnormal pain sensitivity, also called paradoxical hyperalgesia, is an uncommon condition of generalized pain caused by the long-term use of high dosages of opioids [1] such as morphine, [2] oxycodone, [3] and methadone. [4] [5] OIH is not necessarily confined to the original affected site. [6]