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Spatial inequality refers to the unequal distribution of income and resources across geographical regions. [1] Attributable to local differences in infrastructure, [2] geographical features (presence of mountains, coastlines, particular climates, etc.) and economies of agglomeration, [3] such inequality remains central to public policy discussions regarding economic inequality more broadly.
The early 1950s witnessed a decrease in spatial inequality as the party endeavored to close the gap of income among different regions. For example, the party built most of the industrial plants, under the Soviet help, in inland areas instead of coastal areas, and the former treaty ports were not prioritized in the First five-year plan . [ 101 ]
These reforms may have resulted in the adverse effects of having a widening inequity between the rich and the poor which subsequently may cause social and political instability, discrimination in access to areas such as public health, education, pensions and unequal opportunities for the Chinese people. The inequality in income in China can ...
In a landmark paper published in the Review of Development Economics, economists Ravi Kanbur and Xiaobo Zhang conclude that there have been three peaks of inequality in China in the last fifty years, “coinciding with the Great Famine of the late 1950s, the Cultural Revolution of the late 1960s and 1970s, and finally the period of openness and global integration in the late 1990s.” [4 ...
In real life, people in leadership positions are often given more privileges and conveniences. If privileges are given to the upper class, it will benefit their subordinates or other people in society. So this kind of inequality is recognized and encouraged in China's traditional ideological system. [7] This inequality makes China's economy ...
Typical for example, in the 1930s and 1940s, due to the serious and sustained drought and flood disasters, [16] [17] but also due to the man-made 1938 Yellow River flood. [18] Garden estuary of the Yellow River embankment, resulting in large-scale displacement of refugees in the yellow plain area and the Central Plains Mandarin area , [ 19 ...
Historically, the Chinese economy was characterized by widespread poverty, extreme income inequalities, and endemic insecurity of livelihood. [1] Improvements since then saw the average national life expectancy rise from around forty-four years in 1949 to sixty-eight years in 1985, while the Chinese population estimated to be living in absolute poverty fell from between 200 and 590 million in ...
Share of population in extreme poverty over time. In China, poverty mainly refers to rural poverty.Decades of economic development has reduced urban extreme poverty. [1] [2] [3] According to the World Bank, more than 850 million Chinese people have been lifted out of extreme poverty; China's poverty rate fell from 88 percent in 1981 to 0.7 percent in 2015, as measured by the percentage of ...