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The pole of the lower hemisphere is called the nadir. [5] The following are two independent horizontal angular coordinates: Altitude (alt.), sometimes referred to as elevation (el.) or apparent height, is the angle between the object and the observer's local horizon. For visible objects, it is an angle between 0° and 90°. [b]
C D varies with α 2; C L and C D vary with Reynolds number and Mach number; q, the dynamic pressure, is equal to 1/2 ρv 2, where ρ is atmospheric density, modeled for Earth as a function of altitude in the International Standard Atmosphere (using an assumed temperature distribution, hydrostatic pressure variation, and the ideal gas law); and
angle of attack α: angle between the x w,y w-plane and the aircraft longitudinal axis and, among other things, is an important variable in determining the magnitude of the force of lift When performing the rotations described earlier to obtain the body frame from the Earth frame, there is this analogy between angles:
The angle of climb can be defined as the angle between a horizontal plane representing the Earth's surface, and the actual flight path followed by the aircraft during its ascent. The speed of an aircraft type at which the angle of climb is largest is called V X. It is always slower than V Y, the speed for the best rate of climb. As the latter ...
Force can also be described intuitively as a push or a pull. A force has both magnitude and direction, making it a vector quantity. It is measured in the SI unit of newton (N). Force is represented by the symbol F (formerly P). Freefall – In Newtonian physics, free fall is any motion of a body where gravity is the only force acting upon it.
Pressure altitude is the elevation above a standard datum air-pressure plane (typically, 1013.25 millibars or 29.92" Hg). Pressure altitude is used to indicate "flight level" which is the standard for altitude reporting in the U.S. in Class A airspace (above roughly 18,000 feet).
X body axis is aligned along the vehicle body and is usually positive toward the normal direction of motion. Y body axis is at a right angle to the x body axis and is oriented along the wings of the vehicle. If there are no wings (as with a missile), a "horizontal" direction is defined in a way that is useful.
The range, R, is the greatest distance the object travels along the x-axis in the I sector. The initial velocity, v i, is the speed at which said object is launched from the point of origin. The initial angle, θ i, is the angle at which said object is released.