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In butt welding the strongest welds will have the fewest imperfections. To achieve this the heat input is controlled, which decreases the size of the weld. [1] In commercial welding when this is done it also reduces cost but in order to maintain the strength of the weld double butt welds will be used. [1]
The square groove is a butt welding joint with the two pieces being flat and parallel to each other. This joint is simple to prepare, economical to use, and provides satisfactory strength but is limited by joint thickness. The closed square butt weld is a type of square-groove joint with no spacing in between the pieces.
Flash welding is a type of resistance welding that does not use any filler metals. The pieces of metal to be welded are set apart at a predetermined distance based on material thickness, material composition, and desired properties of the finished weld.
Welds can be geometrically prepared in many different ways. The five basic types of weld joints are the butt joint, lap joint, corner joint, edge joint, and T-joint (a variant of this last is the cruciform joint). Other variations exist as well—for example, double-V preparation joints are characterized by the two pieces of material each ...
Zhu et al. [9] experimented with the use of a 21.6 GHz probe to scan the fusion butt welds of HDPE pipe. They compared a reference scan of a good weld with scans of welds with lack of fusion and cold welds. These types of weld defects can be difficult to detect since they don't necessarily result in laminations that would strongly reflect a signal.
The heat from the welding process and subsequent re-cooling causes this change from the weld interface to the termination of the sensitizing temperature in the base metal. The extent and magnitude of property change depends primarily on the base material, the weld filler metal, and the amount and concentration of heat input by the welding process.
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