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  2. Cementation (geology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementation_(geology)

    Cementation is continuous in the groundwater zone, so much so that the term "zone of cementation" is sometimes used interchangeably. Cementation occurs in fissures or other openings of existing rocks and is a dynamic process more or less in equilibrium with a dissolution or dissolving process.

  3. Concretion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretion

    A concretion is a hard, compact mass formed by the precipitation of mineral cement within the spaces between particles, and is found in sedimentary rock or soil. [1] Concretions are often ovoid or spherical in shape, although irregular shapes also occur.

  4. Cementation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementation

    Cementation may refer to: Cementation (biology) , the process whereby some sessile bivalve mollusks (and some other shelled invertebrates) attach themselves permanently to a hard substrate Cementation (geology) , the process of deposition of dissolved mineral components in the interstices of sediments

  5. Deposition (geology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposition_(geology)

    Cementation (geology) – Process of chemical precipitation bonding sedimentary grains; Cross-bedding – Sedimentary rock strata at differing angles; Drift (geology) – Material of glacial origin; Flocculation – Process by which colloidal particles come out of suspension to precipitate as floc or flake

  6. Rock (geology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)

    Though most understanding of rocks comes from those of Earth, rocks make up many of the universe's celestial bodies. In the Solar System, Mars, Venus, and Mercury are composed of rock, as are many natural satellites, asteroids, and meteoroids. Meteorites that fall to Earth provide evidence of extraterrestrial rocks and their composition. They ...

  7. Case hardening of rocks - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_hardening_of_rocks

    Case hardening is a weathering phenomenon of rock surface induration.It is observed commonly in: felsic alkaline rocks, such as nepheline syenite, phonolite and trachyte; pyroclastic rocks, as pyroclastic flow deposit, fine air-fall deposits and vent-filling pyroclastic deposits; sedimentary rocks, as sandstone and mudstone.

  8. Lithification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithification

    Essentially, lithification is a process of porosity destruction through compaction and cementation. Lithification includes all the processes which convert unconsolidated sediments into sedimentary rocks.

  9. Mantle convection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_convection

    Mantle convection is the very slow creep of Earth's solid silicate mantle as convection currents carry heat from the interior to the planet's surface. [2] [3] Mantle convection causes tectonic plates to move around the Earth's surface. [4] The Earth's lithosphere rides atop the asthenosphere, and the two form the components of the upper mantle ...