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Nerves involved in the resizing of the pupil connect to the pretectal nucleus of the high midbrain, bypassing the lateral geniculate nucleus and the primary visual cortex. From the pretectal nucleus neurons send axons to neurons of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus whose visceromotor axons run along both the left and right oculomotor nerves .
Purtscher's retinopathy was first characterized in 1910 and 1912 as a syndrome of sudden blindness after head trauma, [7] with patches of hemorrhage and whitening of the retina in both eyes. [3] Later, it was discovered to occur after other types of trauma , such as chest trauma, and is associated with several non-traumatic systemic diseases. [ 3 ]
Head injuries Danny's Triad: Painful urination, testicular pain, diarrhea: Chlamydia Dieulafoy's triad: hyperesthesia of the skin, exquisite tenderness and guarding over McBurney's point: Acute appendicitis: Dietl's crisis Renal colic, swelling in loin which disappears after urination Hydronephrosis Fanconi syndrome triad
For more than 100 years, clinicians have evaluated the pupils of patients with suspected or known brain injury or impaired consciousness to monitor neurological status and trends, checking for pupil size and reactivity to light. [3] In fact, before the advent of electricity, doctors checked a patient’s reaction to light using a candle.
The Neurological Pupil index, or NPi, is an algorithm developed by NeurOptics, Inc., that removes subjectivity from the pupillary evaluation. A patient's pupil measurement (including variables such as size, latency, constriction velocity, dilation velocity, etc.) is obtained using a pupillometer, and the measurement is compared against a normative model of pupil reaction to light and ...
A mydriatic pupil will remain excessively large even in a bright environment. The excitation of the radial fibres of the iris which increases the pupillary aperture is referred to as a mydriasis. More generally, mydriasis also refers to the natural dilation of pupils, for instance in low light conditions or under sympathetic stimulation.
In rare cases, Horner's syndrome may be the result of repeated, minor head trauma, such as being hit with a soccer ball. Although most causes are relatively benign, Horner's syndrome may reflect serious disease in the neck or chest (such as a Pancoast tumor (tumor in the apex of the lung) or thyrocervical venous dilatation). [citation needed]
Hutchinson's pupil is a clinical sign in which the pupil on the side of an intracranial mass lesion is dilated and unreactive to light, [1] due to compression of the oculomotor nerve on that side. The sign is named after Sir Jonathan Hutchinson. These can be due to concussion injury to the brain and is associated with subdural haemorrhage and ...