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The main benefit of cell-based vaccines is the ability to rapidly produce vaccine supplies during an impending pandemic. Cell-based antigen production offer a faster and more stable production of vaccines compared to embryonic chicken eggs, which produce 1-2 vaccine doses per chicken egg. [8]
The following is a list of WHO recommended strains for the Northern Hemisphere influenza season. Starting in the 2012–2013 season, the recommendation shifted to include the composition of a quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) that contains both influenza B lineages, alongside a trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) containing one influenza B lineage.
Until 2021, the egg-based vaccine has been the only one available (and continues to be the only free one), but from March 2021 a new cell-based vaccine is available for those who wish to pay for it, and it is expected that this one will become the standard by 2026. [160] The standard flu vaccine is free for the following people: [211]
A high-dose vaccine (Fluzone High-Dose) four times the strength of standard flu vaccine was approved by the FDA in 2009. [22] [23] [24] This vaccine is intended for people 65 and over, who typically have weakened immune response due to normal aging. The vaccine produces a greater immune response than standard vaccine.
These are called egg-adapted changes that lead to differences in genes and structures between the candidate viruses in the eggs and the circulating, 'wild' viruses. As a result, less effective antibodies are made by the immune system of humans. Hence, egg-based vaccines may have lower efficacy in flu prevention. [7]
That is exactly what happened with the 2009 H1N1 swine flu and the Spanish flu of 1918 pandemics. Influenza A subtypes. Influenza A (but not B) also has subtypes labeled H and N. These refer to ...
The vaccine was initially developed as a pandemic mock-up vaccine using an H5N1 strain. [ 5 ] Pandemrix was found to be associated with an increased risk of narcolepsy [ 6 ] following investigations by Swedish and Finnish health authorities [ 7 ] and had higher rates of adverse events than other vaccines for H1N1. [ 8 ]
In the event of another pandemic, US military researchers have proposed reusing a treatment from the deadly pandemic of 1918 in order to blunt the effects of the flu: Some military doctors injected severely afflicted patients with blood or blood plasma from people who had recovered from the flu. Data collected during that time indicates that ...