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California's electricity rates are among the highest in the United States as a result of the changing energy mix within the state, including aggressive construction of new natural gas power plants. [11] As of 2021 California's electricity costs were 19.7 cents per kWh. [18]
California water officials have estimated that the total costs of drinking water solutions for communities statewide amount to $11.5 billion over the next five years.
This increases initial costs, but not life-cycle costs. The biggest single consideration is therefore the large initial financial outlay of solar water heating systems. [50] Offsetting this expense can take years. [51] The payback period is longer in temperate environments. [52] Since solar energy is free, operating costs are small.
Each month, the average customer used 886 kWh and paid $121 at an average rate of 13.7 cents/kWh. [87] The commercial sector used 35% and industrial used 26%. Transportation used less than half of one percent. System loss within the grid includes use in the generation process and transmission losses, as well as unaccounted loads.
A 2011 study of a sampling of 735 California homes across ten water districts found that the weighted average annual total water use of these homes was 132,000 US gallons (500 m 3) per year or 362 US gallons (1.37 m 3) per household per day. [44]
For example, the average daily high in San Francisco in July and August is between 62 and 68 °F (17 and 20 °C), [1] [2] and in Walnut Creek, some 20 miles (32 km) inland, the average daily high in July and August is 84 °F (29 °C): a temperature gain of more than one degree (Fahrenheit) per mile. [3]
This is a list of cities by average temperature (monthly and yearly). The temperatures listed are averages of the daily highs and lows. Thus, the actual daytime temperature in a given month may be considerably higher than the temperature listed here, depending on how large the difference between daily highs and lows is.
Energy density differs from energy conversion efficiency (net output per input) or embodied energy (the energy output costs to provide, as harvesting, refining, distributing, and dealing with pollution all use energy). Large scale, intensive energy use impacts and is impacted by climate, waste storage, and environmental consequences.