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The first known inscription by Ashoka, the Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription, in Greek and in Aramaic, written in the 10th year of his reign (260 BCE). [17] [18] [19] The Edicts are divided into four categories, according to their size (Minor or Major) and according to their medium (Rock or Pillar).
The Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription, also known as the Kandahar Edict of Ashoka and less commonly as the Chehel Zina Edict, is an inscription in the Greek and Aramaic languages that dates back to 260 BCE and was carved by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka (r. 268–232 BCE) at Chehel Zina, a mountainous outcrop near Kandahar, Afghanistan.
Sopara, Thane district, Maharashtra (fragments Rock Edicts 8 and 9) Dhauli, near Bhubaneswar, Orissa (includes Kalinga Edict, excludes Rock Edicts 11–13) Jaugada, Ganjam district, Orissa (includes Kalinga Edict, excludes Rock Edicts 11–13) Sannati, Kalaburagi district, Karnataka (separate Rock Edicts 1 and 2, fragments Rock Edicts 13 and 14)
The Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription, discovered in 1958, is the other well-known Greek inscription by Ashoka in the area of Kandahar. It was found on the mountainside of the Chil Zena outcrop on the western side of the city of Kandahar. Two other inscriptions in Greek are known at Kandahar.
The Minor Rock Edict were written quite early in the reign of Ashoka, from the 11th year of his reign at the earliest (according to his own inscription, "two and a half years after becoming a secular Buddhist", i.e. two and a half years at least after the Kalinga conquest of the eighth year of his reign, which is the starting point for his gradual conversion to Buddhism).
The oldest inscription is a version of Ashoka edicts, while the last and third inscription is of Skandagupta. The Rudradaman inscription is near the top, above the Ashoka edict. [3] It is dated to shortly after 150 CE. [1] The inscription has twenty lines, of different lengths spread over about 5.5 feet high and 11 feet wide.
The association of the Major inscriptions with "Ashoka" is only a reconstruction based on the 3rd-4th century CE Dipavamsa which associates the name "Ashoka" with the name "Priyadarsi", and an extrapolation based on the fact that the name "Ashoka" appears with the title "Devanampriya" ("Beloved of the Gods") in a few of the Minor Rock Edicts. [2]
The Rock edicts of Khalsi, also spelled Kalsi, are a group of an Indian rock inscriptions written by the Indian Emperor Ashoka around 250 BCE. They contain some of the most important of the Edicts of Ashoka. The inscription in Khalsi contains all the Major Rock Edicts, from 1 to 14.