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The list of organisms by chromosome count describes ploidy or numbers of chromosomes in the cells of various plants, animals, protists, and other living organisms. This number, along with the visual appearance of the chromosome, is known as the karyotype , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] and can be found by looking at the chromosomes through a microscope .
There is variation between species in chromosome number, and in detailed organization, despite their construction from the same macromolecules. This variation provides the basis for a range of studies in evolutionary cytology. In some cases there is even significant variation within species. In a review, Godfrey and Masters conclude:
Between 1861 and 1863, Darwin found the same kind of structure in other groups: flax (and other species of Linum); and in purple loosestrife and other species of Lythrum. Some of the Lythrum species are trimorphic, with one style and two stamens in each form. [95] Heterostyly is known in at least 51 genera of 18 families of Angiosperms. [96]
The differences of the amount of heterochromatin among congeneric rodent species may reach 33% of nuclear DNA in Dipodomys species, [13] 36% in Peromyscus species, [14] 42% in Ammospermophilus [15] and 60% in Thomomys species where C-value (haploid DNA content) ranges between 2.1 and 5.6 pg. [16] [17]
In comparative genomics, synteny is the preserved order of genes on chromosomes of related species indicating their descent from a common ancestor.Synteny provides a framework in which the conservation of homologous genes and gene order is identified between genomes of different species. [9]
Possessing chromosomes of varying shapes is generally the result of a chromosomal translocation or chromosomal inversion. In a translocation, genetic material is transferred from one chromosome to another, either symmetrically or asymmetrically (a Robertsonian translocation). In an inversion, a segment of a chromosome is flipped end-for-end.
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 12 January 2025. DNA molecule containing genetic material of a cell This article is about the DNA molecule. For the genetic algorithm, see Chromosome (genetic algorithm). Chromosome (10 7 - 10 10 bp) DNA Gene (10 3 - 10 6 bp) Function A chromosome and its packaged long strand of DNA unraveled. The DNA's ...
In the Australian bulldog ant, Myrmecia pilosula, a haplodiploid species, haploid individuals of this species have a single chromosome and diploid individuals have two chromosomes. [57] In Entamoeba , the ploidy level varies from 4 n to 40 n in a single population. [ 58 ]