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Therefore, the total number of reads generated in a single experiment is typically normalized by converting counts to fragments, reads, or counts per million mapped reads (FPM, RPM, or CPM). The difference between RPM and FPM was historically derived during the evolution from single-end sequencing of fragments to paired-end sequencing.
In the simplest cases, normalization of ratings means adjusting values measured on different scales to a notionally common scale, often prior to averaging. In more complicated cases, normalization may refer to more sophisticated adjustments where the intention is to bring the entire probability distributions of adjusted values into alignment.
In statistics, quantile normalization is a technique for making two distributions identical in statistical properties. To quantile-normalize a test distribution to a reference distribution of the same length, sort the test distribution and sort the reference distribution.
Label-free quantification is a method in mass spectrometry that aims to determine the relative amount of proteins in two or more biological samples. Unlike other methods for protein quantification , label-free quantification does not use a stable isotope containing compound to chemically bind to and thus label the protein.
A typical choice of characteristic frequency is the sampling rate that is used to create the digital signal from a continuous one.The normalized quantity, ′ =, has the unit cycle per sample regardless of whether the original signal is a function of time or distance.
The number density (symbol: n or ρ N) is an intensive quantity used to describe the degree of concentration of countable objects (particles, molecules, phonons, cells, galaxies, etc.) in physical space: three-dimensional volumetric number density, two-dimensional areal number density, or one-dimensional linear number density.
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In statistical learning, the variation between and its estimator ^ can be bounded with the use of oracle inequalities.. If a counting process () is restricted to [,] and i.i.d. copies are observed on that interval, ,, …,, then the least squares functional for the intensity is