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A parma or parmula (the diminutive of parma) was a type of round shield used by the Roman army, especially during the later period of imperial history since the 3rd century. [ 1 ] Characteristics
It had a handle and a shield boss (umbo). The parma was used in the Roman army of the mid-Republic, by the lowest class division of the army — the velites. The velites' equipment consisted of a parma, javelin, sword and helmet. Later, the parma was replaced by the scutum.
Scutum found at Dura-Europos. The scutum (Classical Latin: [ˈskuːt̪ʊ̃]; pl.:scuta) was a type of shield used among Italic peoples in antiquity, most notably by the army of ancient Rome starting about the fourth century BC.
A Thraex (left) fighting a murmillo, mosaic from Bad Kreuznach, Germany. The Thraex (pl.: Thraeces), or Thracian, was a type of Roman gladiator armed in Thracian style. His equipment included a parmula, a small shield (about 60 × 65 cm) that might be rectangular, square or circular; and a sica, a short sword with a curved blade like a small version of the Dacian falx), intended to maim an ...
Parma (shield) S. Scutum; Shield of Aeneas; T. Testudo formation This page was last edited on 18 May 2015, at 01:00 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative ...
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They fought in a very loose, staggered formation like most irregular troops, and carried small round shields called parma, 90 cm (3 feet) in diameter. [8] The velites were placed at the front of the maniples, so that the velites had the chance to prove themselves and win glory by seeking out single combat with an enemy. This is also why they ...
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