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  2. Returns to scale - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Returns_to_scale

    In economics, the concept of returns to scale arises in the context of a firm's production function.It explains the long-run linkage of increase in output (production) relative to associated increases in the inputs (factors of production).

  3. Convergence (economics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergence_(economics)

    In the Solow-Swan model, economic growth is driven by the accumulation of physical capital until this optimum level of capital per worker, which is the "steady state" is reached, where output, consumption and capital are constant. The model predicts more rapid growth when the level of physical capital per capita is low, something often referred ...

  4. Relative growth rate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_growth_rate

    RGR is a concept relevant in cases where the increase in a state variable over time is proportional to the value of that state variable at the beginning of a time period. In terms of differential equations , if S {\displaystyle S} is the current size, and d S d t {\displaystyle {\frac {dS}{dt}}} its growth rate, then relative growth rate is

  5. Economies of scale - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale

    The economic concept dates back to Adam Smith and the idea of obtaining larger production returns through the use of division of labor. [2] Diseconomies of scale are the opposite. Economies of scale often have limits, such as passing the optimum design point where costs per additional unit begin to increase.

  6. Relative income hypothesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_income_hypothesis

    The relative income hypothesis was developed by James Duesenberry in 1949. It consists of two separate consumption hypothesis. It consists of two separate consumption hypothesis. The first hypothesis states that an individual's attitude to consumption is dictated more by their income in relation to others than by an abstract standard of living .

  7. Isoelastic utility - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoelastic_utility

    Isoelastic utility for different values of . When > the curve approaches the horizontal axis asymptotically from below with no lower bound.. In economics, the isoelastic function for utility, also known as the isoelastic utility function, or power utility function, is used to express utility in terms of consumption or some other economic variable that a decision-maker is concerned with.

  8. Relative price - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_price

    A relative price is the price of a commodity such as a good or service in terms of another; i.e., the ratio of two prices. A relative price may be expressed in terms of a ratio between the prices of any two goods or the ratio between the price of one good and the price of a market basket of goods (a weighted average of the prices of all other goods available in the market).

  9. Wagner's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner's_law

    Wagner's law, also known as the law of increasing [a] state activity, [2] is the observation that public expenditure increases as national income rises. [3] It is named after the German economist Adolph Wagner (1835–1917), who first observed the effect in his own country and then for other countries.