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Harmonia axyridis is a large lady beetle or ladybug species that is most commonly known as the harlequin, Asian, or multicoloured Asian lady beetle. This is one of the most variable species in the world, with an exceptionally wide range of colour forms. [ 2 ]
The widespread and invasive Harmonia axyridis. Coccinellidae are found on every continent except Antarctica. [74] Asian and African species are less studied than others. [75] Coccinellids can be found in a variety of habitats, both on the ground and in the trees. They may specialise using certain plants.
Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1771) – Asian lady beetle, originally from Nepal, China, Taiwan, Japan, introduced to Western Europe and America; Harmonia antipodum (Mulsant, 1848) – antipodean ladybird, endemic to New Zealand; Harmonia basinotata Bielawski, 1964 – New Guinea; Harmonia bicolor (Blackburn, 1892) – Australia
The Asian ladybeetle species Harmonia axyridis was introduced to the United States in hopes controlling pests like the red pine bast scale. With their introduction, they began to invade other ladybeetle habitats. A particular analysis looked at the relative abundance of the spotless ladybeetle in Florida alongside Harmonia axyridis.
Invasive species like Harmonia axyridis can pose an ecological threat to native coccinellid species. Other threats to coccinellids include climate change and habitat destruction . These insects have played roles in folklore , religion and poetry, and are particularly popular in nursery rhymes .
Native plants and animals in Florida are threatened by the spread of invasive species. [2] Florida is a major biodiversity hotspot in North America and the hospitable sub-tropical climate has also become a hotspot for invasive plants and animals due to anthropogenic introduction.
Coccinella novemnotata, the nine-spotted ladybug or nine-spotted lady beetle or C9, is a species of ladybug in the family Coccinellidae native to North America. This beetle was once ubiquitous across the continent but it experienced a sharp and drastic decline around the 1960s. [1]
Parasitylenchus bifurcatus parasitizes Harmonia axyridis, a beetle introduced to Europe from central and South Asia. [7] H. axyridis affects agricultural crops such as apples, pears, and grapes resulting in reduced quality of products made from these crops. [7] [8] Both male and female H. axyridis can be infected by P. bifurcatus. [7]