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Harmonia axyridis is a large lady beetle or ladybug species that is most commonly known as the harlequin, Asian, or multicoloured Asian lady beetle. This is one of the most variable species in the world, with an exceptionally wide range of colour forms. [ 2 ]
Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1771) – Asian lady beetle, originally from Nepal, China, Taiwan, Japan, introduced to Western Europe and America; Harmonia antipodum (Mulsant, 1848) – antipodean ladybird, endemic to New Zealand; Harmonia basinotata Bielawski, 1964 – New Guinea; Harmonia bicolor (Blackburn, 1892) – Australia
The widespread and invasive Harmonia axyridis. Coccinellidae are found on every continent except Antarctica. [74] Asian and African species are less studied than others. [75] Coccinellids can be found in a variety of habitats, both on the ground and in the trees. They may specialise using certain plants.
The Laboulbeniales is an order of fungi within the class Laboulbeniomycetes.They are also known by the colloquial name beetle hangers [1] or labouls.The order includes around 2,325 species [2] of obligate insect ectoparasites that produce cellular thalli from two-celled ascospores.
It is an ectoparasite of an invasive species to Europe and the Americas, [4] the harlequin ladybird (Harmonia axyridis). [5] Laboratory bioassays pointed out that Hesperomyces-infected ladybirds suffered increased mortality rates. [6]
Parasitylenchus bifurcatus parasitizes Harmonia axyridis, a beetle introduced to Europe from central and South Asia. [7] H. axyridis affects agricultural crops such as apples, pears, and grapes resulting in reduced quality of products made from these crops. [7] [8] Both male and female H. axyridis can be infected by P. bifurcatus. [7]
The Asian ladybeetle species Harmonia axyridis was introduced to the United States in hopes controlling pests like the red pine bast scale. With their introduction, they began to invade other ladybeetle habitats. A particular analysis looked at the relative abundance of the spotless ladybeetle in Florida alongside Harmonia axyridis.
This article classifies the subgroups of the order Coleoptera down to the level of families, following the system in "Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta)", Bouchard, et al. (2011), [1] with corrections and additions from 2020, [2] with common names from bugguide.net.