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Harmonia axyridis is a large lady beetle or ladybug species that is most commonly known as the harlequin, Asian, or multicoloured Asian lady beetle. This is one of the most variable species in the world, with an exceptionally wide range of colour forms. [ 2 ]
Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1771) – Asian lady beetle, originally from Nepal, China, Taiwan, Japan, introduced to Western Europe and America; Harmonia antipodum (Mulsant, 1848) – antipodean ladybird, endemic to New Zealand; Harmonia basinotata Bielawski, 1964 – New Guinea; Harmonia bicolor (Blackburn, 1892) – Australia
It is an ectoparasite of an invasive species to Europe and the Americas, [4] the harlequin ladybird (Harmonia axyridis). [5] Laboratory bioassays pointed out that Hesperomyces-infected ladybirds suffered increased mortality rates. [6]
"If you have a bare spot in your yard that refuses to grow anything at all, you can now look at it as habitat for birds," says Dillon, "because believe it or not, mud is great for swallows, swifts ...
Some species are pests themselves and attack agricultural crops, or can infest people's homes, particularly in winter. Invasive species like Harmonia axyridis can pose an ecological threat to native coccinellid species. Other threats to coccinellids include climate change and habitat destruction.
Parasitylenchus bifurcatus parasitizes Harmonia axyridis, a beetle introduced to Europe from central and South Asia. [7] H. axyridis affects agricultural crops such as apples, pears, and grapes resulting in reduced quality of products made from these crops. [7] [8] Both male and female H. axyridis can be infected by P. bifurcatus. [7]
When provided with Harmonia axyridis larvae as part of their diet in the first or third instar stage of development, it has been shown that Olla v-nigrum larvae were incapable of surviving to the adult stage. In the first instar, Olla v-nigrum larvae were shown to have a 100% mortality rate when fed exotic H. axyridis eggs.
The Laboulbeniales is an order of fungi within the class Laboulbeniomycetes.They are also known by the colloquial name beetle hangers [1] or labouls.The order includes around 2,325 species [2] of obligate insect ectoparasites that produce cellular thalli from two-celled ascospores.