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Similarly, examination may reveal wheezing and prolonged expiratory phase, or may be quite normal. Consequently, a potential for under-diagnosis exists. Measurement of airflow, such as peak expiratory flow rates, which can be done inexpensively on the track or sideline, may prove helpful.
A wheeze is a clinical symptom of a continuous, coarse, whistling sound produced in the respiratory airways during breathing. [1] For wheezes to occur, part of the respiratory tree must be narrowed or obstructed (for example narrowing of the lower respiratory tract in an asthmatic attack), or airflow velocity within the respiratory tree must be heightened.
Respiratory sounds, also known as lung sounds or breath sounds, are the specific sounds generated by the movement of air through the respiratory system. [1] These may be easily audible or identified through auscultation of the respiratory system through the lung fields with a stethoscope as well as from the spectral characteristics of lung sounds. [2]
Complications of Pregnancy, Childbirth, and the Puerperium XII 680–709: Diseases of the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue XIII 710–739: Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System and Connective Tissue XIV 740–759: Congenital Anomalies XV 760–779: Certain Conditions originating in the Perinatal Period XVI 780–799: Symptoms, Signs and Ill ...
An extreme example of pendelluft is found in a spontaneously breathing patient with an open hemithorax [3] or large flail segment. [4] During the inspiratory phase, the contralateral lung (with a closed / intact chest wall) will expand with most of the tidal volume, with the open plura or paradoxical chest wall movement preventing expansion of the ipsilateral lung.
Crackles are more common during the inspiratory than the expiratory phase of breathing, but they may be heard during the expiratory phase. Crackles are often described as fine, medium, and coarse. They can also be characterized as to their timing: fine crackles are usually late-inspiratory, whereas coarse crackles are early inspiratory.
At the end of pregnancy, the fetus must take the journey of childbirth to leave the reproductive mother. Upon its entry to the air-breathing world, the newborn must begin to adjust to life outside the uterus. This is true for all viviparous animals; this article discusses humans as the most-researched example. [citation needed]
[2] [3] It consists of a period of tachypnea (rapid breathing, higher than the normal range of 30–60 times per minute). Usually, this condition resolves over 24–72 hours. Treatment is supportive and may include supplemental oxygen and antibiotics.