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Fullerene production generally starts by producing fullerene-rich soot. ... Combustion of benzene is the most efficient process, developed at MIT. [76] [77]
Fullerene purification is the process of obtaining a fullerene compound free of contamination. In fullerene production mixtures of C 60 , C 70 and higher homologues are always formed. Fullerene purification is key to fullerene science and determines fullerene prices and the success of practical applications of fullerenes.
Alternatively, endohedral hydrogen fullerenes can be produced by opening and closing a fullerene by organic chemistry methods. A recent example of endohedral fullerenes includes single molecules of water encapsulated in C 60. [10] Noble gas endofullerenes are predicted to exhibit unusual polarizability.
However the first macroscopic production of carbon nanotubes was made in 1992 by two researchers at NEC's Fundamental Research Laboratory. [3] The method used was the same as in 1991. During this process, the carbon contained in the negative electrode sublimates because of the high-discharge temperatures.
The method was simple and efficient to prepare the material in gram amounts per day (1990) which has boosted the fullerene research and is even today applied for the commercial production of fullerenes. The discovery of practical routes to C 60 led to the exploration of a new field of chemistry involving the study of fullerenes.
The fullerenes are a class of allotropes of carbon which conceptually are graphene sheets rolled into tubes or spheres. These include the carbon nanotubes (or silicon nanotubes) which are of interest both because of their mechanical strength and also because of their electrical properties. [26] Rotating view of C 60, one kind of fullerene
Metal atoms (M = Ho or Sc) are seen as dark spots inside the fullerene molecules; they are doubly encapsulated in the C 80 molecules and in the nanotubes. [2] TEM image of a wide double-wall CNT densely filled with C 60 fullerenes. [3] Carbon peapod is a hybrid nanomaterial consisting of spheroidal fullerenes encapsulated within a carbon ...
Polyfullerene is a basic polymer of the C 60 monomer group, in which fullerene segments are connected via covalent bonds into a polymeric chain without side or bridging groups. They are called intrinsic polymeric fullerenes, or more often all C 60 polymers. Fullerene can be part of a polymer chain in many different ways.