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Resolution in the context of structural biology is the ability to distinguish the presence or absence of atoms or groups of atoms in a biomolecular structure. Usually, the structure originates from methods such as X-ray crystallography , electron crystallography , or cryo-electron microscopy .
The history of X-ray microscopy can be traced back to the early 20th century. After the German physicist Röntgen discovered X-rays in 1895, scientists soon illuminated an object using an X-ray point source and captured the shadow images of the object with a resolution of several micrometers. [2]
The X-ray or neutron scattering curve (intensity versus scattering angle) is used to create a low-resolution model of a protein, shown here on the right picture. One can further use the X-ray or neutron scattering data and fit separate domains (X-ray or NMR structures) into the "SAXS envelope".
The advantages of these methods compared to normal absorption-contrast X-ray imaging is higher contrast for low-absorbing materials (because phase shift is a different mechanism than absorption) and a contrast-to-noise relationship that increases with spatial frequency (because many phase-contrast techniques detect the first or second ...
X-ray optics is the branch of optics dealing with X-rays, rather than visible light. It deals with focusing and other ways of manipulating the X-ray beams for research techniques such as X-ray diffraction , X-ray crystallography , X-ray fluorescence , small-angle X-ray scattering , X-ray microscopy , X-ray phase-contrast imaging , and X-ray ...
The first X-ray diffraction experiment was conducted in 1912 by Max von Laue, [7] while electron diffraction was first realized in 1927 in the Davisson–Germer experiment [8] and parallel work by George Paget Thomson and Alexander Reid. [9] These developed into the two main branches of crystallography, X-ray crystallography and electron ...
Ultrafast X-ray diffraction (time-resolved X-ray diffraction) can surpass ultrashortpulse visible techniques, which are limited to detecting structures on the level of valence and free electrons. Ultrashort pulse X-ray techniques are able to resolve atomic scales, where dynamic structural changes and reactions occur in the interior of a material.
State of the art soft X-rays RIXS beamlines in use at the ESRF, at DLS and at NSLS II, have reached approximately 40000 of combined resolving power, leading to a record energy resolution of 25 meV at Cu L 3 edge. [14] [15] [16] As for hard X-rays, the optical design is different and requires the use of Bragg reflection crystal analyzers.