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Pollinator decline is the reduction in abundance of insect and other animal pollinators in many ecosystems worldwide that began being recorded at the end of the 20th century. Multiple lines of evidence exist for the reduction of wild pollinator populations at the regional level, especially within Europe and North America.
Honey bees at a hive entrance: one is about to land and another is fanning. Colony collapse disorder (CCD) is an abnormal phenomenon that occurs when the majority of worker bees in a honey bee colony disappear, leaving behind a queen, plenty of food, and a few nurse bees to care for the remaining immature bees. [1]
Starting in 2006, California almond growers began to suffer losses due to colony collapse disorder, a poorly understood phenomenon resulting in the decline of bee populations. [2] While this increased pollination expenses for many growers, high demand for almonds created an incentive to transport bees from across the United States to California.
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Artist-turned-community scientist Krystle Hickman quit the 9-to-5 life to find her passion: photographing California's endangered native bees.
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Studies finding insect decline have been available for decades—one study tracked a decline from 1840 to 2013—but it was the 2017 re-publication of the German nature reserves study [1] that saw the issue receive widespread attention in the media. [4] [5] The press reported the decline with alarming headlines, including "Insect Apocalypse".
Both of these parasites affect individual bees rather than colonies or nests, and have been discovered in relatively high abundance in the Californian B. vosnesenskii population. Both of these parasites have been discovered in several bees of the Bombus genus, and display a relatively low level of host specificity.