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The sublingual route may also be used for vaccines against various infectious diseases. Thus, preclinical studies have found that sublingual vaccines can be highly immunogenic and may protect against influenza virus [4] [5] and Helicobacter pylori, [6] but sublingual administration may also be used for vaccines against other infectious diseases.
Sublingual administration is fulfilled by placing the drug between the tongue and the lower surface of the mouth. [33] The sublingual mucosa is highly permeable and thereby provides access to the underlying expansive network composed of capillaries, leading to rapid drug absorption. [33]
Evaluating the systemic transmucosal drug delivery, the buccal mucosa is the preferred region as compared to the sublingual mucosa. Different buccal delivery products have been marketed or are proposed for certain diseases like trigeminal neuralgia, Ménière's disease, diabetes, and addiction.
The buccal mucosa, along with the gingival and sublingual mucosa, is part of the oral mucosa. [15] It is composed of non-keratinised tissue. Unlike intestinal and nasal mucosae, it lacks tight junctions and is instead equipped with loose intercellular links of desmosomes , gap junctions and hemidesmosomes . [ 7 ]
Thus, sublingual mucosa is preferable for rapid onset and short duration treatments, while the buccal mucosa is more appropriate for longer dosage and onset times. Because of this dichotomy, the oral cavity is suitable for both local and systemic administration.
Methods of administration include oral, sublingual (dissolving the drug under the tongue), and rectal. Parenteral administration is via a peripheral or central vein. [1] In pharmacology, the route of drug administration is important because it affects drug metabolism, drug clearance, and thus dosage. The term is from Greek enteros 'intestine'.
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Alveolar mucosa, the lining between the buccal and labial mucosae. It is a brighter red, smooth, and shiny with many blood vessels, and is not connected to underlying tissue by rete pegs. [6] Buccal mucosa, the inside lining of the cheeks; part of the lining mucosa. Labial mucosa, the inside lining of the lips; part of the lining mucosa. [7]