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Sarcoidosis is a disease of unknown cause characterized by non-necrotizing ("non-caseating") granulomas in multiple organs and body sites, [12] most commonly the lungs and lymph nodes within the chest cavity. Other common sites of involvement include the liver, spleen, skin, and eyes.
Sarcoidosis is characterized by the formation of non-necrotizing ("non-caseating") granulomas in various organs and tissues. [95] Giant cells, specifically Langhans giant cells, are often seen in sarcoidosis. [96] Schaumann bodies seen in sarcoidosis are calcium and protein inclusions inside of giant cells as part of a granuloma. [97]
Granulomatous–lymphocytic interstitial lung disease (GLILD) is a lung complication of common variable immunodeficiency disorders (CVID). It is seen in approximately 15% of patients with CVID. [1] It has been defined histologically as the presence of (non-caseating) granuloma and lymphoproliferation in the lung. [1]
They may appear as either non-caseating or solidly caseating lesions. [20] Initially, tuberculomas appear hypodense on computed tomography (CT) scans with significant surrounding edema. [ 23 ] [ 3 ] The "target sign" is pathognomonic for tuberculoma on CT, with a nodular ring-enhancing mass and central calcification.
The characteristic morphological element is the tuberculous granuloma (caseating tubercule): giant multinucleated cells (Langhans cells), surrounded by epithelioid cells aggregates, T cell lymphocytes and few fibroblasts. Granulomatous tubercules evolve to central caseous necrosis and tend to become confluent, replacing the lymphoid tissue.
Granulation tissue with a poorly formed granuloma to the left of centre. Within this area there is a multinucleate giant cell of the Langhans type. The patient had a healing mycobacterial infection of the skin (Mycobacterium ulcerans infection). Langhans giant cells (LGC) are giant cells found in granulomatous conditions.
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Granuloma formation is seen in other diseases such as tuberculosis and sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis, like berylliosis, also produces granulomas without a necrotic core, and so distinction between the two processes can be difficult. Ultimately, this process leads to restrictive lung disease (a decrease in diffusion capacity).