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A corporation may be referred to as an "affiliate" of another when it is related to it but not strictly controlled by it, as with a subsidiary relationship, or when it is desired to avoid the appearance of control. This is sometimes seen with companies that need to avoid restrictive laws (or negative public opinion) on foreign ownership.
A first-tier subsidiary is a subsidiary/child company of the ultimate parent company, [note 1] [10] while a second-tier subsidiary is a subsidiary of a first-tier subsidiary: a "grandchild" of the main parent company. [11] Consequently, a third-tier subsidiary is a subsidiary of a second-tier subsidiary—a "great-grandchild" of the main parent ...
A corporate group is composed of companies. The general rule is that a company is a separate legal entity from its shareholders, that is the shareholder's liability for the subsidiary's debts is limited to the value of the shares, [3] and the shareholders cannot be required to perform the company's obligations.
A prominent example is the bank holding company Bank of America Corporation, whose bank subsidiary, Bank of America, N.A., offers bank services and products, while such non-bank subsidiaries as Banc of America Investment Services, Inc. and Banc of America Securities, as well as Banc of America Insurance Services, Inc., offer investment ...
A non-operating subsidiary, in contrast, is a subsidiary that exists on paper, but does not have any assets or employees of its own and therefore cannot function independently as a going business concern. Thus, its only actual business "operations" may consist of its officers entering into contracts with other corporate entities (which may or ...
Affiliation or affiliate may refer to: Affiliate (commerce) , a legal form of entity relationship used in Business Law Affiliation (family law) , a legal form of family relationship
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Affiliate marketing is a marketing arrangement in which affiliates receive a commission for each visit, signup or sale they generate for a merchant.