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  2. Translation (biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(biology)

    Cancer cells must frequently regulate the translation phase of gene expression, though it is not fully understood why translation is targeted over steps like transcription. While cancer cells often have genetically altered translation factors, it is much more common for cancer cells to modify the levels of existing translation factors. [21]

  3. Eukaryotic translation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_translation

    Eukaryotic translation is the biological process by which messenger RNA is translated into proteins in eukaryotes. It consists of four phases: initiation, elongation, termination, and recapping. It consists of four phases: initiation, elongation, termination, and recapping.

  4. Bacterial translation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_translation

    Initiation of translation in bacteria involves the assembly of the components of the translation system, which are: the two ribosomal subunits (50S and 30S subunits); the mature mRNA to be translated; the tRNA charged with N-formylmethionine (the first amino acid in the nascent peptide); guanosine triphosphate (GTP) as a source of energy, and the three prokaryotic initiation factors IF1, IF2 ...

  5. Protein biosynthesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis

    During translation, ribosomes synthesize polypeptide chains from mRNA template molecules. In eukaryotes, translation occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell, where the ribosomes are located either free floating or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. In prokaryotes, which lack a nucleus, the processes of both transcription and translation occur ...

  6. Translational regulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translational_regulation

    Initiation of translation is regulated by the accessibility of ribosomes to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence. This stretch of four to nine purine residues are located upstream the initiation codon and hybridize to a pyrimidine-rich sequence near the 3' end of the 16S RNA within the 30S bacterial ribosomal subunit . [ 1 ]

  7. Eukaryotic transcription - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_transcription

    The initiation of gene transcription in eukaryotes occurs in specific steps. [1] First, an RNA polymerase along with general transcription factors binds to the promoter region of the gene to form a closed complex called the preinitiation complex. The subsequent transition of the complex from the closed state to the open state results in the ...

  8. Gene expression - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression

    All steps in the gene expression process may be modulated (regulated), including the transcription, RNA splicing, translation, and post-translational modification of a protein. Regulation of gene expression gives control over the timing, location, and amount of a given gene product (protein or ncRNA) present in a cell and can have a profound ...

  9. Initiation factor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initiation_factor

    The eIF2 alpha subunit is characterized by an OB-fold domain and two beta strands. This subunit helps to regulate translation, as it becomes phosphorylated to inhibit protein synthesis. [2] The eIF4F complex supports the cap-dependent translation initiation process and is composed of the initiation factors eIF4A, eIF4E, and eIF4G.