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Primarily, Kavach works on the principle of continuous supervision of the movement authority and is designed to maintain train speed within the specified limits and can automatically apply brakes to slow down or to bring the train to a complete standstill, incase the Loco Pilots violates the speed restrictions or fails to act in time to prevent Signal Passed At Danger (SPAD); thereby reducing ...
When a communications link must span a larger distance than existing fiber-optic technology is capable of, the signal must be regenerated at intermediate points in the link by optical communications repeaters. Repeaters add substantial cost to a communication system, and so system designers attempt to minimize their use.
Antenna used for transmission of radio signals. In telecommunications, transmission (sometimes abbreviated as "TX") is the process of sending or propagating an analog or digital signal via a medium that is wired, wireless, or fiber-optic. [1] [2]
Data communication, including data transmission and data reception, is the transfer of data, transmitted and received over a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication channel. Examples of such channels are copper wires, optical fibers, wireless communication using radio spectrum, storage media and computer buses.
One of the causes of intersymbol interference is multipath propagation in which a wireless signal from a transmitter reaches the receiver via multiple paths. The causes of this include reflection (for instance, the signal may bounce off buildings), refraction (such as through the foliage of a tree) and atmospheric effects such as atmospheric ducting and ionospheric reflection.
An optical communication system is any form of communications system that uses light as the transmission medium. Equipment consists of a transmitter, which encodes a message into an optical signal, a communication channel, which carries the signal to its destination, and a receiver, which reproduces the message from the received optical signal.
The three common nonverbal channels that people use to express emotions are body, face and touch, according to a 2011 study. For instance, when you’re listening to someone, you might turn your ...
Slow light is a dramatic reduction in the group velocity of light, not the phase velocity. Slow light effects are not due to abnormally large refractive indices, as will be explained below. The simplest picture of light given by classical physics is of a wave or disturbance in the electromagnetic field.