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Note: "Notable" is to mean side-effects that are particularly unique to the antipsychotic drug in question. For example, clozapine is notorious for its ability to cause agranulocytosis. If data on the propensity of a particular drug to cause a particular AE is unavailable an estimation is substituted based on the pharmacologic profile of the drug.
These side effects are serious and some of them are permanent, and many remain a crucial concern for companies and healthcare professionals and substantial efforts are being encouraged to reduce the potential risks for future antipsychotics through more clinical trials and drug development.
Individuals may MUA antipsychotics for various reasons, including recreational purposes, self-medication, or attempting to alter their mental or emotional state.The most common forms of antipsychotic abuse may include non-prescribed use, which involves the use of antipsychotic medications without a valid legal prescription or the absence of medical supervision.
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a rare [5] [6] but life-threatening reaction that can occur in response to antipsychotics (neuroleptic) or other drugs that block the effects of dopamine. [1] [7] Symptoms include high fever, confusion, rigid muscles, variable blood pressure, sweating, and fast heart rate. [1]
Common adverse effects of olanzapine, occurring from 1–10%, include: Gynecomastia [8] Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) (dose-dependent). Tends to produce less extrapyramidal side effects than typical antipsychotics but more extrapyramidal side effects than sertindole, clozapine and quetiapine. [9] [10]
Medications are used to reverse the symptoms of extrapyramidal side effects caused by antipsychotics or other drugs, by either directly or indirectly increasing dopaminergic neurotransmission. The treatment varies by the type of the EPS, but may involve anticholinergic agents such as procyclidine, benztropine, diphenhydramine, and trihexyphenidyl.
Second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics: The concept of "atypicality" is from the finding that second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) have a greater serotonin/dopamine ratio than earlier drugs, and might be associated with improved efficacy (particularly for the negative symptoms of psychosis) and reduced extrapyramidal side effects.
[15] [1] These drugs have fewer extrapyramidal side effects and are less likely to affect prolactin levels when compared to typical antipsychotics. [11] Amisulpride binds D 2 and D 3 [2] and is used as an antipsychotic, antidepressant and also treats bipolar disorder. [1] It treats both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. [13]