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diffusiophoresis, as motion of particles under influence of a chemical potential gradient; capillary osmosis, as motion of liquid in porous body under influence of the chemical potential gradient; sedimentation potential, as electric field generated by sedimenting colloid particles;
The pressure force acts on an area or surface elements and accelerates the fluid in the downwards direction of the pressure gradient. The pressure difference between the beginning and the end of the pressure gradient is known as the pressure drop. The Darcy-Weisbach equation can be utilised to calculate pressure drop in a channel.
Certain geometric flows arise as the gradient flow associated with a functional on a manifold which has a geometric interpretation, usually associated with some extrinsic or intrinsic curvature. Such flows are fundamentally related to the calculus of variations, and include mean curvature flow and Yamabe flow.
Depending on the definition of the term, there may also be an applied pressure gradient in the flow direction. The Couette configuration models certain practical problems, like the Earth's mantle and atmosphere, [1] and flow in lightly loaded journal bearings. It is also employed in viscometry and to demonstrate approximations of reversibility ...
The surface tension gradient can be caused by concentration gradient or by a temperature gradient (surface tension is a function of temperature). In simple cases, the speed of the flow u ≈ Δ γ / μ {\displaystyle u\approx \Delta \gamma /\mu } , where Δ γ {\displaystyle \Delta \gamma } is the difference in surface tension and μ ...
root mean square The root mean square value of a waveform is the DC value that corresponds to equivalent heating value. rotary converter An electric machine that converts electric power between two forms, say, AC and DC or single-phase and three phase, or between two different frequencies of AC (the latter two can be performed by the same machine).
Sisyphus cooling can be achieved by shining two counter-propagating laser beams with orthogonal polarization onto an atom sample. Atoms moving through the potential landscape along the direction of the standing wave lose kinetic energy as they move to a potential maximum, at which point optical pumping moves them back to a lower energy state, thus lowering the total energy of the atom.
Consequently, near the center of the tornado or dust devil the air pressure is low. There is a pressure gradient toward the center of the vortex. This gradient, coupled with the slower speed of the air near the earth's surface, causes a secondary flow toward the center of the tornado or dust devil, rather than in a purely circular pattern.