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Optical pumping is a process in which light is used to raise (or "pump") electrons from a lower energy level in an atom or molecule to a higher one. It is commonly used in laser construction to pump the active laser medium so as to achieve population inversion. The technique was developed by the 1966 Nobel Prize winner Alfred Kastler in the ...
The Stern–Gerlach experiment was the first direct evidence of angular-momentum quantization in quantum mechanics, [23] and it strongly influenced later developments in modern physics: In the decade that followed, scientists showed using similar techniques, that the nuclei of some atoms also have quantized angular momentum. [ 20 ]
Sisyphus cooling can be achieved by shining two counter-propagating laser beams with orthogonal polarization onto an atom sample. Atoms moving through the potential landscape along the direction of the standing wave lose kinetic energy as they move to a potential maximum, at which point optical pumping moves them back to a lower energy state, thus lowering the total energy of the atom.
The Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) is a particle accelerator located at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in Long Island, New York, United States. The Alternating Gradient Synchrotron was built on the innovative concept of the alternating gradient, or strong-focusing principle , developed by Brookhaven physicists.
In physics, chemistry and biology, a potential gradient is the local rate of change of the potential with respect to displacement, i.e. spatial derivative, or gradient. This quantity frequently occurs in equations of physical processes because it leads to some form of flux .
A Texas grandmother is accused of having an unnecessary gastric feeding tube placed into her granddaughter. Lisa Campbell-Goins is charged with unlawful restraint, exploitation of a child and ...
The 2025 NFL draft order was shaken up by a Raiders win over the Jaguars in Week 16. Here's how that's impacting NFL mock drafts.
In engineering, physics, and chemistry, the study of transport phenomena concerns the exchange of mass, energy, charge, momentum and angular momentum between observed and studied systems. While it draws from fields as diverse as continuum mechanics and thermodynamics, it places a heavy emphasis on the commonalities between the topics covered ...