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In thick solar cells there is very little electric field in the active region outside the space charge zone, so the dominant mode of charge carrier separation is diffusion. In these cells the diffusion length of minority carriers (the length that photo-generated carriers can travel before they recombine) must be large compared to the cell ...
The charge carriers within the solar cell move through the semiconductor in order to cancel said potential, which is the drifting force that moves the electrons. Also, the electrons can be forced to move by diffusion from higher concentration to lower concentration of electrons.
Solar cell efficiency may be broken down into reflectance efficiency, thermodynamic efficiency, charge carrier separation efficiency and conductive efficiency. The overall efficiency is the product of these individual metrics.
Solar cells operate by absorbing light, exciting the absorber. This creates electron–hole pairs that must be separated into electrons (negative charge carriers) and holes (positive charge carriers) by asymmetry in the solar cell, provided through chemical gradients [4] or electric fields in semiconducting junctions. [5]
Two types of quantum efficiency of a solar cell are often considered: External quantum efficiency (EQE) is the ratio of the number of charge carriers collected by the solar cell to the number of photons of a given energy shining on the solar cell from outside (incident photons).
Poor charge carrier collection at the electrodes due to bad mismatch is also another factor that limits device performance. If there is a mismatch between the anode and cathode with that of donor HOMO or acceptor LUMO, respectively, then no Ohmic contacts would be established, which ultimately, results in poor performance of the solar cell.
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