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In computational number theory, the index calculus algorithm is a probabilistic algorithm for computing discrete logarithms.Dedicated to the discrete logarithm in (/) where is a prime, index calculus leads to a family of algorithms adapted to finite fields and to some families of elliptic curves.
Suppose that one wants to approximate the 44th Mersenne prime, 2 32,582,657 −1. To get the base-10 logarithm, we would multiply 32,582,657 by log 10 (2), getting 9,808,357.09543 = 9,808,357 + 0.09543. We can then get 10 9,808,357 × 10 0.09543 ≈ 1.25 × 10 9,808,357. Similarly, factorials can be approximated by summing the logarithms of the ...
In mathematics, for given real numbers a and b, the logarithm log b a is a number x such that b x = a.Analogously, in any group G, powers b k can be defined for all integers k, and the discrete logarithm log b a is an integer k such that b k = a.
Because log(x) is the sum of the terms of the form log(1 + 2 −k) corresponding to those k for which the factor 1 + 2 −k was included in the product P, log(x) may be computed by simple addition, using a table of log(1 + 2 −k) for all k. Any base may be used for the logarithm table. [53]
If p is a probability, then p/(1 − p) is the corresponding odds; the logit of the probability is the logarithm of the odds, i.e.: = = = = (). The base of the logarithm function used is of little importance in the present article, as long as it is greater than 1, but the natural logarithm with base e is the one most often used.
Today's Wordle Answer for #1275 on Sunday, December 15, 2024. Today's Wordle answer on Sunday, December 15, 2024, is FUNKY. How'd you do? Next: Catch up on other Wordle answers from this week.
Figure 1. Demonstrating log* 4 = 2 for the base-e iterated logarithm. The value of the iterated logarithm can be found by "zig-zagging" on the curve y = log b (x ...
He hit one out of the ballot box. Bronx Bomber Aaron Judge scored 63 write-in votes in last month’s general election in local judicial races, newly-certified NYC Board of Elections records show. ...