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[196] [197] [198] Anthony Joes wrote in the Journal of Conflict Studies that figures on how many men Napoleon took into Russia and how many eventually came out vary widely. Georges Lefebvre says that Napoleon crossed the Neman with over 600,000 soldiers, only half of whom were from France, the others being mainly Poles and Germans. [199]
A mass grave of soldiers killed at the Battle of Waterloo. The casualties of the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815), direct and indirect, are broken down below: . Note that the following deaths listed include both killed in action as well as deaths from other causes: diseases such as those from wounds; of starvation; exposure; drowning; friendly fire; and atrocities.
[48] [49] Napoleon had used conscription to fill the ranks of the French army throughout his rule, but he did not conscript men for the 1815 campaign. His troops were mainly veterans with considerable experience and a fierce devotion to their Emperor. [ 50 ]
The population of 4.3 million was released from occupation and, by 1814, sent about 200,000 men to Napoleon's armies. That included about 90,000 who marched with him to Moscow; few marched back. [93] The Russians strongly opposed any move towards an independent Poland and one reason Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812 was to punish them.
Napoleon's Wars: An International History 1803–1815 (2008), 621pp; Gates, David. The Napoleonic Wars 1803–1815 (NY: Random House, 2011) Hazen, Charles Downer. The French Revolution and Napoleon (1917) online free; Nafziger, George F. The End of Empire: Napoleon's 1814 Campaign (2014) Parker, Harold T. "Why Did Napoleon Invade Russia?
The total is 643,500 men, but at least 130,000 were auxiliary troops, involved in the supply of the army. Anthony Joes in Journal of Conflict Studies wrote that: [41] Figures on how many men Napoleon took into Russia and how many eventually came out vary rather widely.
The French Army grew as Napoleon seized power across Europe, recruiting troops from occupied and allied nations; it reached its peak of one million men at the start of the Russian campaign in 1812, [3] with the Grande Armée reaching its height of 413,000 French soldiers and over 600,000 men overall when including foreign recruits.
The Hundred Days (French: les Cent-Jours IPA: [le sɑ̃ ʒuʁ]), [3] also known as the War of the Seventh Coalition (French: Guerre de la Septième Coalition), marked the period between Napoleon's return from eleven months of exile on the island of Elba to Paris on 20 March 1815 and the second restoration of King Louis XVIII on 8 July 1815 (a period of 110 days).