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  2. Letter frequency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_frequency

    The California Job Case was a compartmentalized box for printing in the 19th century, sizes corresponding to the commonality of letters. The frequency of letters in text has been studied for use in cryptanalysis, and frequency analysis in particular, dating back to the Arab mathematician al-Kindi (c. AD 801–873 ), who formally developed the method (the ciphers breakable by this technique go ...

  3. Coleman–Liau index - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleman–Liau_index

    There is no need to estimate syllables since word length in letters is a better predictor of readability than word length in syllables. Therefore, a new readability formula was computed that has for its predictors letters per 100 words and sentences per 100 words.

  4. Scrabble letter distributions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrabble_letter_distributions

    The letters Q, X and Z are absent since these letters are very rare and only occur in foreign words. These letters and the foreign letters "Ä", "Ö" and "Ü", which are used in a few Norwegian words, can be played with a blank. C and W also occur only in foreign words, but they are not so rare, [35] so they were included.

  5. Zipf's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipf's_law

    A minimal explanation assumes that words are generated by monkeys typing randomly. If language is generated by a single monkey typing randomly, with fixed and nonzero probability of hitting each letter key or white space, then the words (letter strings separated by white spaces) produced by the monkey follows Zipf's law. [30]

  6. Word count - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_count

    Word count is commonly used by translators to determine the price of a translation job. Word counts may also be used to calculate measures of readability and to measure typing and reading speeds (usually in words per minute). When converting character counts to words, a measure of 5 or 6 characters to a word is generally used for English. [1]

  7. Frequency analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_analysis

    Eve could use frequency analysis to help solve the message along the following lines: counts of the letters in the cryptogram show that I is the most common single letter, [2] XL most common bigram, and XLI is the most common trigram. e is the most common letter in the English language, th is the most common bigram, and the is the

  8. Calculator spelling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator_spelling

    Calculator spelling is an unintended characteristic of the seven-segment display traditionally used by calculators, in which, when read upside-down, the digits resemble letters of the Latin alphabet. Each digit may be mapped to one or more letters, creating a limited but functional subset of the alphabet, sometimes referred to as beghilos (or ...

  9. Isopsephy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopsephy

    In numerology, isopsephy (/ ˈ aɪ s ə p ˌ s ɛ f i /; from Greek ἴσος (ísos) 'equal' and ψῆφος (psêphos) 'count', lit. ' pebble ') or isopsephism is the practice of adding up the number values of the letters in a word to form a single number. [1]