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Soyuz (Russian: Союз, lit. 'union', GRAU index: 11A511) is a family of Soviet and later Russian expendable medium-lift launch vehicles initially developed by the OKB-1 design bureau and manufactured by the Progress Rocket Space Centre factory in Samara, Russia.
The Soyuz succeeded the Voskhod spacecraft and was originally built as part of the Soviet crewed lunar programs. It is launched atop the similarly named Soyuz rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Following the Soviet Union's dissolution, Roscosmos, the Russian space agency, continued to develop and utilize the Soyuz.
The Soyuz 11A511 type, a member of the R-7 family of rockets, first flew in 1966 and was an attempt to standardize the R-7 family and get rid of the variety of models that existed up to that point. It was basically a Molniya 8K78M without the Blok L stage.
All launch vehicle propulsion systems employed to date have been chemical rockets falling into one of three main categories: Solid-propellant rockets or solid-fuel rockets have a motor that uses solid propellants, typically a mix of powdered fuel and oxidizer held together by a polymer binder and molded into the shape of a hollow cylinder. The ...
The key advancement of the Soyuz‑2.1a is its digital flight control system, which replaces the analog system used in earlier Soyuz models. [4] This upgrade allows the rocket to adjust its trajectory mid-flight, a capability the analog system lacked, eliminating the need for a rotating launchpad.
The programme consists of the Soyuz capsule and the Soyuz rocket and is now the responsibility of the Russian Roscosmos. [3] [4] After the retirement of the Space Shuttle in 2011, Soyuz was the only way for humans to get to the International Space Station (ISS) until 30 May 2020, when Crew Dragon flew to the ISS for the first time with ...
The project would help to assure access to space for Russia by acting as a backup launcher in the event of problems with the Angara rocket family. [7] As conceived in the mid-2010s, the smallest version was to be a 270-tonne rocket, intended as a replacement of the Soyuz-2 rocket, with an expected payload to LEO of 9 t (9,000 kg
Irtysh (Russian: Иртыш), [2] also named Soyuz-5 (Russian: Союз-5), formerly codenamed Fenix in Russian and Sunkar (Kazakh: Сұңқар, lit. 'falcon') in Kazakh, is a planned Russian rocket that is being developed by JSC SRC Progress within the "Project Feniks" (Russian: Феникс, lit.