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Loudness, K-weighted, relative to full scale (LKFS) is a standard loudness measurement unit used for audio normalization in broadcast television systems and other video and music streaming services. [1] [2] [3] LKFS is standardized in ITU-R BS.1770.
EBU R 128 is a recommendation for loudness normalisation and maximum level of audio signals. It is primarily followed during audio mixing of television and radio programmes and adopted by broadcasters to measure and control programme loudness. [1]
A damping factor of 20 or greater is considered adequate for live sound reinforcement systems, as the SPL of inertia-related driver movement is 26 dB less than signal level and won't be heard. [7] Negative feedback in an amplifier lowers its effective output impedance and thus increases its damping factor.
Key Takeaways: Sounds above 80 dB can cause hearing damage, and we should limit the exposure to prevent hearing loss. Decibel apps are a convenient way to measure volume fairly accurately with ...
A tetrahedral test chamber. A tetrahedral chamber is capable of measuring the low frequency limit of the driver without the large footprint required by an anechoic chamber. This compact measurement system for loudspeaker drivers is defined in IEC 60268-21:2018, [1] IEC 60268-22:2020 [2] and AES73id-2019. [3]
Another type of normalization is based on a measure of loudness, wherein the gain is changed to bring the average loudness to a target level. This average may be approximate, such as a simple measurement of average power (e.g. RMS), or more accurate, such as a measure that addresses human perception e.g. that defined by EBU R128 and offered by ReplayGain, Sound Check and GoldWave.
In modern recording, this range is often limited through dynamic range compression, which allows for louder volume, but can make the recording sound less exciting or live. [50] The dynamic range of music as normally perceived in a concert hall does not exceed 80 dB, and human speech is normally perceived over a range of about 40 dB. [28]: 4
The threshold of hearing is generally reported in reference to the RMS sound pressure of 20 micropascals, i.e. 0 dB SPL, corresponding to a sound intensity of 0.98 pW/m 2 at 1 atmosphere and 25 °C. [3] It is approximately the quietest sound a young human with undamaged hearing can detect at 1 kHz. [4]