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The name originates from the Basic Input/Output System used in the CP/M operating system in 1975. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The BIOS firmware was originally proprietary to the IBM PC ; it was reverse engineered by some companies (such as Phoenix Technologies ) looking to create compatible systems.
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The term can also be used as part of an action; to "perform I/O" is to perform an input or output operation. I/O devices are the pieces of hardware used by a human (or other system) to communicate with a computer. For instance, a keyboard or computer mouse is an input device for a computer, while monitors and printers are output devices.
Input and output voltages are usually, but not always, limited to the supply voltage of the device with the GPIOs, and may be damaged by greater voltages. A GPIO pin's state may be exposed to the software developer through one of a number of different interfaces, such as a memory-mapped I/O peripheral, or through dedicated IO port instructions ...
In older Intel/AMD architectures the southbridge is usually linked to the northbridge, which in turn connected to the CPU. Circa 2004 and onward Intel architectures started to link southbridge directly to the CPU (e.g. via Direct Media Interface). Through the use of controller-integrated channel circuitry, the northbridge (or CPU itself) can ...
The BIOS (Basic Input Output System) includes boot firmware and power management firmware. Newer motherboards use Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) instead of BIOS. The CMOS (complementary MOS) battery, which powers the CMOS memory for date and time in the BIOS chip. This battery is generally a watch battery.
NetBIOS—Network Basic Input/Output System; NetBT—NetBIOS over TCP/IP; NEXT—Near-End CrossTalk; NFA—Nondeterministic Finite Automaton; NFC—Near-field communication; NFS—Network File System; NGL—aNGeL; NGSCB—Next-Generation Secure Computing Base; NI—National Instruments; NIC—Network Interface Controller or Network Interface Card
Unlike a backplane, a motherboard usually contains significant sub-systems, such as the central processor, the chipset's input/output and memory controllers, interface connectors, and other components integrated for general use. Motherboard means specifically a PCB with expansion capabilities.