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For a real battery the exponent is greater than unity, and capacity decreases as discharge rate increases. For a lead–acid battery k {\displaystyle k} is typically between 1.1 and 1.3. For different lead–acid rechargeable battery technologies it generally ranges from 1.05 to 1.15 for VRSLAB AGM batteries , from 1.1 to 1.25 for gel , and ...
Discharge efficiency Self-discharge rate Shelf life ... Low self-discharge nickel–metal hydride battery: ... 85–90 6,000–30,000 to 90% capacity
An AA-sized alkaline battery might have an effective capacity of 3000 mAh at low drain, but at a load of 1 ampere, which is common for digital cameras, the capacity could be as little as 700 mAh. [12] The voltage of the battery declines steadily during use, so the total usable capacity depends on the cutoff voltage of the application.
The higher the discharge rate, the lower the capacity. [50] The relationship between current, discharge time and capacity for a lead acid battery is approximated (over a typical range of current values) by Peukert's law: = where is the capacity when discharged at a rate of 1 amp.
Useful discharge capacity is a decreasing function of the discharge rate, but up to a rate of around 1×C (full discharge in 1 hour), it does not differ significantly from the nominal capacity. [26] NiMH batteries nominally operate at 1.2 V per cell, somewhat lower than conventional 1.5 V cells, but can operate many devices designed for that ...
The relationship between the Ah capacity and the discharge rate is not linear; as the discharge rate is increased, the capacity decreases. A battery with a 100 Ah rating generally will not be able to maintain a voltage above 10.5 volts for 10 hours while being discharged at constant rate of 10 amps. Capacity also decreases with temperature.
By 2007, monthly self-discharge rate was estimated at 2% to 3%, and 2 [6] –3% by 2016. [68] By comparison, the self-discharge rate for NiMH batteries dropped, as of 2017, from up to 30% per month for previously common cells [69] to about 0.08–0.33% per month for low self-discharge NiMH batteries, and is about 10% per month in NiCd batteries.
A high cut-off voltage is more widespread than perhaps assumed. For example, a certain brand of mobile phone that is powered with a single-cell Lithium-ion battery cuts off at 3.3 V. The Li‑ion can be discharged to 3 V and lower; however, with a discharge to 3.3 V (at room temperature), about 92–98% of the capacity is used. [2]