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  2. Contingency (philosophy) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingency_(philosophy)

    Contingent and necessary statements form the complete set of possible statements. While this definition is widely accepted, the precise distinction (or lack thereof) between what is contingent and what is necessary has been challenged since antiquity.

  3. Verbosity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbosity

    Verbosity, or verboseness, is speech or writing that uses more words than necessary. [1] The opposite of verbosity is succinctness. [dubious – discuss] Some teachers, including the author of The Elements of Style, warn against verbosity. Similarly Mark Twain and Ernest Hemingway, among others, famously avoided it.

  4. Necessity and sufficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessity_and_sufficiency

    A number's being divisible by 4 is sufficient (but not necessary) for it to be even, but being divisible by 2 is both sufficient and necessary for it to be even. Example 3 An occurrence of thunder is a sufficient condition for the occurrence of lightning in the sense that hearing thunder, and unambiguously recognizing it as such, justifies ...

  5. Unity of opposites - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_of_opposites

    For example, 'upward' cannot exist unless there is a 'downward', they are opposites but they co-substantiate one another, their unity is that either one exists because the opposite is necessary for the existence of the other, one manifests immediately with the other.

  6. Necessary evil - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessary_evil

    The concept of "necessary evil" is an idea that must be thoroughly rejected. Evil is not necessary, and to accept it as such is to perpetuate it. Evil must be opposed, rejected, and avoided at all costs. It should never be viewed as something that we must unavoidably and inevitably participate in. We trivialize evil when we refer to it as ...

  7. Contraposition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraposition

    An example traditionally used by logicians contrasting sufficient and necessary conditions is the statement "If there is fire, then oxygen is present". An oxygenated environment is necessary for fire or combustion, but simply because there is an oxygenated environment does not necessarily mean that fire or combustion is occurring.

  8. Amor fati - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amor_fati

    Amor fati is a Latin phrase that may be translated as "love of fate" or "love of one's fate".It is used to describe an attitude in which one sees everything that happens in one's life, including suffering and loss, as good or, at the very least, necessary.

  9. Indeterminism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeterminism

    The necessary/sufficient distinction works as follows: If x is a necessary cause of y; then the presence of y implies that x definitely preceded it. The presence of x, however, does not imply that y will occur. If x is a sufficient cause of y, then the presence of y implies that x may have preceded it.