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The seat linkage compensatory mixed system often referred to as MMP originates in Germany, and was later adopted with modifications under the name of MMP in New Zealand.In Germany, where it was differentiated from a different compensatory mixed system it was always known as personalized proportional representation (PPR) (German: personalisiertes Verhältniswahlrecht).
Proportionality is a general principle in law which covers several separate (although related) concepts: . The concept of proportionality is used as a criterion of fairness and justice in statutory interpretation processes, especially in constitutional law, as a logical method intended to assist in discerning the correct balance between the restriction imposed by a corrective measure and the ...
To achieve proportionality, other parties require "balance seats", increasing the size of parliament by twice the number of overhang seats, but this is not always done. Until recently, Germany increased the size of parliament by the number of overhang seats but did not use the increased size for apportioning list seats.
"In order to establish whether a provision of Community law complies with the principle of proportionality, it must be ascertained [1] whether the means which it employs are suitable for the purpose of achieving the desired objective and [2] whether they do not go beyond what is necessary to achieve it": Case C-426/93 Germany v Council.
Number of seats in EP 2014–2019 versus number of inhabitants, showing difference with proportionality. From October 2008, [ 16 ] MEP Andrew Duff ( ALDE , UK) has advocated within the European Parliament for a reform of EU electoral law for the 2014 elections, including the creation of a single constituency of 25 seats in which each European ...
In Poland's Sejm, Lithuania's Seimas, Germany's Bundestag, Kazakhstan's Mäjilis and New Zealand's House of Representatives, the threshold is 5 percent (in Poland, additionally 8 percent for a coalition of two or more parties submitting a joint electoral list and in Lithuania, additionally 7 percent for coalition). However, in New Zealand, if a ...
Gertrude Lübbe-Wolff (born 31 January 1953) is a German academic and senior judge. She served as a justice of the second senate of the Bundesverfassungsgericht ( Federal Constitutional Court of Germany ) from 2002 to 2014, having succeeded Jutta Limbach in this position.
The article 3b states: "The limits of Union competences are governed by the principle of conferral. The use of Union competences is governed by the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality". [8] Since the Lisbon Treaty came into force at the end of 2009, national Parliaments have a role in policing the principle of subsidiarity.