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In addition, it has been used to engineer stably modified human embryonic stem cell and induced pluripotent stem cell (IPSCs) clones and human erythroid cell lines, [11] [28] to generate knockout C. elegans, [12] knockout rats, [13] knockout mice, [29] and knockout zebrafish. [14] [30] Moreover, the method can be used to generate knockin organisms.
A study used various sgRNAs to target different portions of the gene, finding that the dCas9-VPR activator can act as an activator or a repressor, depending on the location it binds. In a cell, sgRNAs targeting the promoter could allow dCas9-VPR to increase expression, while sgRNAs targeting the coding region of the gene result in dCas9-VPR ...
Haruko Obokata claimed that STAP cells were produced by exposing CD45 + murine spleen cells to certain stresses including an acidic medium with a pH of 5.7 for half an hour. [6] [7] Following this treatment, the cells were verified to be pluripotent by observing increasing levels of Oct-4 (a transcription factor expressed in embryonic stem cells) over the following week using an Oct4-GFP ...
A transcriptional activator is a protein (transcription factor) that increases transcription of a gene or set of genes. [1] Activators are considered to have positive control over gene expression, as they function to promote gene transcription and, in some cases, are required for the transcription of genes to occur.
TAL effector nucleases have also been used to engineer human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) [34] and to knock out the endogenous ben-1 gene in C. elegans. [35] TALE-induced non-homologous end joining modification has been used to produce novel disease resistance in rice. [1]
This is apparent in systems such as the circulatory system where Wnt3a leads to proliferation and expansion of hematopoietic stem cells needed for red blood cell formation. [69] The biochemistry of cancer stem cells is subtly different from that of other tumor cells. These so-called Wnt-addicted cells hijack and depend on constant stimulation ...
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