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The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863 (University Press of Kentucky, 1974). Darby, Paul. "Gaelic games, ethnic identity and Irish nationalism in New York City c. 1880–1917." Sport in Society 10.3 (2007): 347-367. Dolan, Jay P. The Immigrant Church: New York's Irish and German Catholics, 1815-1865 (1975) online
The Fenian Brotherhood (Irish: Bráithreachas na bhFíníní) was an Irish republican organisation founded in the United States in 1858 by John O'Mahony and Michael Doheny. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It was a precursor to Clan na Gael , a sister organisation to the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB).
The word Fenian (/ ˈ f iː n i ə n /) served as an umbrella term for the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) and their affiliate in the United States, the Fenian Brotherhood.They were secret political organisations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries dedicated to the establishment of an independent Irish Republic.
John Francis O'Mahony (1815 – 7 February 1877) was an Irish scholar and the founding member of the Fenian Brotherhood in the United States, sister organisation to the Irish Republican Brotherhood. Despite coming from a reasonably wealthy family and being well educated, the primary pursuit of O'Mahoney's life was that of Irish Independence ...
Soon, however, the number of Irish-Americans in some cities grew so great that immigrant Patrick Murphy stated "New York is a grand handsome city. But you would hardly know you had left Ireland." [ 2 ] American customs, once utterly foreign to the immigrants, became blended with traditional ones, forming a distinct Irish-American culture.
By 1855, 34 percent of New York City's voter population was composed of Irish immigrants, and many Irish men came to dominate Tammany Hall. [42] Tammany Hall also served as a social integrator for immigrants by familiarizing them with American society and its political institutions and by helping them become naturalized citizens .
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The Fenian Brotherhood's main purpose was to supply weapons and funds for its Irish counterpart and raise support for the Irish republican movement in the United States. [34] The term "Fenian" was coined by O'Mahony, who named the American wing of the movement after the Fianna [ 35 ] – a class of warriors that existed in Gaelic Ireland .