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Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius (19 September AD 86 – 7 March 161) was Roman emperor from AD 138 to 161. He was the fourth of the Five Good Emperors from the Nerva–Antonine dynasty. [3] Born into a senatorial family, Antoninus held various offices during the reign of Emperor Hadrian.
Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus was born on 31 August AD 161 in Lanuvium, near Rome. [6] He was the son of the reigning emperor, Marcus Aurelius, and Aurelius' first cousin, Faustina the Younger, the youngest daughter of Emperor Antoninus Pius, who had died only a few months before.
Hadrian died that same year, and Antoninus began a peaceful, benevolent reign. He adhered strictly to Roman traditions and institutions, and shared his power with the Roman Senate. Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus succeeded Antoninus Pius in 161 upon that emperor's death, and co-ruled until Verus' death in 169.
Head of Antinous found at Hadrian's Villa, dating from 130–138 AD, now at the Museo Nazionale Romano, Rome, Italy. Antinous was born to a Greek family near the city of Claudiopolis, [9] [6] which was located in the Roman province of Bithynia, [10] in what is now north-west Turkey.
After his biological father's death in 138, he was adopted by Antoninus Pius, who was himself adopted by Hadrian. Hadrian died later that year, and Antoninus Pius succeeded to the throne. Antoninus Pius would rule the empire until 161, when he died, and was succeeded by Marcus Aurelius, who later raised his adoptive brother Verus to co-emperor.
While a private citizen, she married Antoninus Pius between 110 and 115. Faustina bore four children with Pius: two sons and two daughters. [13] These were: Marcus Aurelius Fulvius Antoninus (died before 138); his sepulchral inscription has been found at the Mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome. [10] [14]
Aelia P. f. P. n. Domitia Paulina, the sister of Hadrian. Lucius Aelius Caesar, adopted by Hadrian, was consul in AD 137. Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius, adopted by Hadrian, was emperor from AD 138 to 161. Marcus Aelius Aurelius Verus Caesar, usually known as "Marcus Aurelius", was adopted by Antoninus Pius, and emperor from AD 161 to 180.
Faustina was the youngest child of emperor Antoninus Pius and empress Faustina the Elder. She was held in high esteem by soldiers and her husband as Augusta and Mater Castrorum ('Mother of the Camp') and was given divine honours after her death.