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Simpson's rules are used to calculate the volume of lifeboats, [6] and by surveyors to calculate the volume of sludge in a ship's oil tanks. For instance, in the latter, Simpson's 3rd rule is used to find the volume between two co-ordinates. To calculate the entire area / volume, Simpson's first rule is used. [7]
A liquid hitting a wall in a container will cause sloshing. The free surface effect is a mechanism which can cause a watercraft to become unstable and capsize. [1]It refers to the tendency of liquids — and of unbound aggregates of small solid objects, like seeds, gravel, or crushed ore, whose behavior approximates that of liquids — to move in response to changes in the attitude of a craft ...
This creates a list unless the tank is on the centerline of the vessel. In stability calculations, when a tank is filled, its contents are assumed to be lost and replaced by seawater. If these contents are lighter than seawater, (light oil for example) then buoyancy is lost and the section lowers slightly in the water accordingly.
The process of determining a vessel's displacement begins with measuring its draft. [3] This is accomplished by means of its "draft marks". A merchant vessel has three matching sets: one mark each on the port and starboard sides forward, midships, and astern. [3] These marks allow a ship's displacement to be determined to an accuracy of 0.5%. [3]
A small amount of fuel in the tank leaves pumps on the floor of the tank exposed to the air-fuel mixture, and an electric pump is a potential ignition source. The explosion of a Thai Airways International Boeing 737 in 2001 and a Philippine Airlines 737 in 1990 also occurred in tanks that had a small amount of residual fuel.
Important examples include propellant slosh in spacecraft tanks and rockets (especially upper stages), and the free surface effect (cargo slosh) in ships and trucks transporting liquids (for example oil and gasoline). However, it has become common to refer to liquid motion in a completely filled tank, i.e. without a free surface, as "fuel slosh".
This may change during unloading. When a certain volume of liquid is drawn from a tank, a similar volume of air will enter the tank's headspace, potentially creating an ignitable atmosphere. The inerting systems use an inert gas generator to supply inert make-up gas instead of air. This procedure is often referred to as inerting. Technically ...
The moment of inertia (technically, second moment of area) of the hull section is calculated by finding the neutral or central axis of the beam and then totaling up the quantity = + for each section of plate or girder making up the hull, with being the moment of inertia of that section of material, being the width (horizontal dimension) of the ...