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Cardiac muscle cells (also called cardiomyocytes) are the contractile myocytes of the cardiac muscle. The cells are surrounded by an extracellular matrix produced by supporting fibroblast cells. Specialised modified cardiomyocytes known as pacemaker cells , set the rhythm of the heart contractions.
In the intrauterine environment, cardiomyocytes have limited exposure to oxygen and little damage from reactive oxygen species. At the same time, cardiomyocytes are proliferating in utero. When neonatal mice were exposed to a hypoxic environment after ischemic heart damage, the cardiomyocytes are encouraged to enter mitosis and proliferate. [31]
The cells that make up the SA node are specialized cardiomyocytes known as pacemaker cells that can spontaneously generate cardiac action potentials. These signals are propagated through the heart's electrical conduction system. [1] [2] Only one percent of the heart muscle cells are conductive, the rest of the cardiomyocytes are contractile.
Diagram of skeletal muscle fiber structure. Skeletal muscle cells are the individual contractile cells within a muscle and are more usually known as muscle fibers because of their longer threadlike appearance. [10] Broadly there are two types of muscle fiber performing in muscle contraction, either as slow twitch or fast twitch .
Action potentials recorded from sheep atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes with phases shown. Ion currents approximate to ventricular action potential. The standard model used to understand the cardiac action potential is that of the ventricular myocyte.
The bundle of His (BH) [1]: 58 or His bundle (HB) [1]: 232 (/ h ɪ s / "hiss" [2]) is a collection of heart muscle cells specialized for electrical conduction.As part of the electrical conduction system of the heart, it transmits the electrical impulses from the atrioventricular node (located between the atria and the ventricles) to the point of the apex of the fascicular branches via the ...
Intercalated discs are complex structures that connect adjacent cardiac muscle cells.The three types of cell junction recognised as making up an intercalated disc are desmosomes, fascia adherens junctions, and gap junctions.
Cardiac physiology or heart function is the study of healthy, unimpaired function of the heart: involving blood flow; myocardium structure; the electrical conduction system of the heart; the cardiac cycle and cardiac output and how these interact and depend on one another.