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Cyanide is a potent cytochrome c oxidase (COX, a.k.a. Complex IV) inhibitor, causing asphyxiation of cells. As such, cyanide poisoning is a form of histotoxic hypoxia, because it interferes with the ability of cells to take or use oxygen via oxidative phosphorylation. [ 25 ]: 1475. Specifically, cyanide binds to the heme a3-CuB binuclear center ...
Nitric oxide (nitrogen monoxide) is a molecule and chemical compound with chemical formula of N O. In mammals including humans, nitric oxide is a signaling molecule involved in several physiological and pathological processes. [ 1 ] It is a powerful vasodilator with a half-life of a few seconds in the blood.
Anticonvulsants. Strychnine poisoning can be fatal to humans and other animals and can occur by inhalation, swallowing or absorption through eyes or mouth. It produces some of the most dramatic and painful symptoms of any known toxic reaction, making it quite noticeable and a common choice for assassinations and poison attacks.
Nitrification is the biological oxidation of ammonia to nitrate via the intermediary nitrite. Nitrification is an important step in the nitrogen cycle in soil. The process of complete nitrification may occur through separate organisms [ 1 ] or entirely within one organism, as in comammox bacteria.
The WHO standard for drinking water is 50 mg NO − 3 L −1 for short-term exposure, and for 3 mg NO − 3 L −1 chronic effects. [62] Once it enters the human body, nitrate can react with organic compounds through nitrosation reactions in the stomach to form nitrosamines and nitrosamides, which are involved in some types of cancers (e.g ...
Denitrification is a microbially facilitated process where nitrate (NO 3−) is reduced and ultimately produces molecular nitrogen (N 2) through a series of intermediate gaseous nitrogen oxide products. Facultative anaerobic bacteria perform denitrification as a type of respiration that reduces oxidized forms of nitrogen in response to the ...
v. t. e. Eutrophication is a general term describing a process in which nutrients accumulate in a body of water, resulting in an increased growth of microorganisms that may deplete the water of oxygen. [1][2] Eutrophication may occur naturally or as a result of human actions. Manmade, or cultural, eutrophication occurs when sewage, industrial ...
Nutrient pollution, a form of water pollution, refers to contamination by excessive inputs of nutrients. It is a primary cause of eutrophication of surface waters (lakes, rivers and coastal waters), in which excess nutrients, usually nitrogen or phosphorus, stimulate algal growth. [ 1 ] Sources of nutrient pollution include surface runoff from ...