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  2. Earth Gravitational Model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Gravitational_Model

    Earth Gravitational Model. The Earth Gravitational Models (EGM) are a series of geopotential models of the Earth published by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA). They are used as the geoid reference in the World Geodetic System. The NGA provides the models in two formats: as the series of numerical coefficients to the spherical ...

  3. Geoid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoid

    The geoid is often expressed as a geoid undulation or geoidal height above a given reference ellipsoid, which is a slightly flattened sphere whose equatorial bulge is caused by the planet's rotation. Generally the geoidal height rises where the Earth's material is locally more dense and exerts greater gravitational force than the surrounding areas.

  4. Geodetic coordinates - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodetic_coordinates

    Geodetic coordinates are a type of curvilinear orthogonal coordinate system used in geodesy based on a reference ellipsoid. They include geodetic latitude (north/south) Ï•, longitude (east/west) λ, and ellipsoidal height h (also known as geodetic height[1]). The triad is also known as Earth ellipsoidal coordinates[2] (not to be confused with ...

  5. Figure of the Earth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_of_the_Earth

    t. e. In geodesy, the figure of the Earth is the size and shape used to model planet Earth. The kind of figure depends on application, including the precision needed for the model. A spherical Earth is a well-known historical approximation that is satisfactory for geography, astronomy and many other purposes.

  6. Earth ellipsoid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_ellipsoid

    An Earth ellipsoid or Earth spheroid is a mathematical figure approximating the Earth's form, used as a reference frame for computations in geodesy, astronomy, and the geosciences. Various different ellipsoids have been used as approximations. It is a spheroid (an ellipsoid of revolution) whose minor axis (shorter diameter), which connects the ...

  7. Geodesy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesy

    v. t. e. Geodesy or geodetics[1] is the science of measuring and representing the geometry, gravity, and spatial orientation of the Earth in temporally varying 3D. It is called planetary geodesy when studying other astronomical bodies, such as planets or circumplanetary systems. [2]

  8. Earth-centered, Earth-fixed coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth-centered,_Earth...

    The Earth-centered, Earth-fixed coordinate system (acronym ECEF), also known as the geocentric coordinate system, is a cartesian spatial reference system that represents locations in the vicinity of the Earth (including its surface, interior, atmosphere, and surrounding outer space) as X, Y, and Z measurements from its center of mass. [1][2 ...

  9. Geographical centre of Earth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_centre_of_Earth

    The geographical centre of Earth is the geometric centre of all land surfaces on Earth. Geometrically defined it is the centroid of all land surfaces within the two dimensions of the Geoid surface which approximates the Earth's outer shape. The term centre of minimum distance[1] specifies the concept more precisely as the domain is the sphere ...

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