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Cirrus clouds often associated with clear-air turbulence. As is explained elsewhere in this article, temperature decreases and wind velocity increase with height in the troposphere, and the reverse is true within the stratosphere. These differences cause changes in air density, and hence viscosity.
WHAT IS TURBULENCE? Turbulence or pockets of disturbed air can have many causes, most obviously the unstable weather patterns that trigger storms, according to an industry briefing by planemaker ...
Everything you need to know about how turbulence can impact your flight
The FAA cites turbulence as the leading cause of injuries to flight attendants and passengers in nonfatal accidents on commercial airlines. As airlines aren’t required to report more minor ...
To sustain turbulent flow, a persistent source of energy supply is required because turbulence dissipates rapidly as the kinetic energy is converted into internal energy by viscous shear stress. Turbulence causes the formation of eddies of many different length scales. Most of the kinetic energy of the turbulent motion is contained in the large ...
Turbulence causes: Clear air turbulence; Mountain wave turbulence; Windshear; Thunderstorms; Microbursts; Wake turbulence; Aircraft icing; Systems anomalies: Flight instruments; Autoflight systems; Flight control and other anomalies; Pilot-Induced. Instrument cross-check; Adjusting attitude and power; Inattention; Distraction from primary ...
Experts have described turbulence as ‘common’ and asserted that it ‘rarely’ leads to fatalities.
Wake turbulence is especially hazardous in the region behind an aircraft in the takeoff or landing phases of flight. During take-off and landing, an aircraft operates at a high angle of attack. This flight attitude maximizes the formation of strong vortices. In the vicinity of an airport, there can be multiple aircraft, all operating at low ...