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  2. Total curvature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_curvature

    The total curvature of a closed curve is always an integer multiple of 2 π, where N is called the index of the curve or turning number – it is the winding number of the unit tangent vector about the origin, or equivalently the degree of the map to the unit circle assigning to each point of the curve, the unit velocity vector at that point.

  3. Total absolute curvature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_absolute_curvature

    This is almost the same as the formula for the total curvature, but differs in using the absolute value instead of the signed curvature. [2] Because the total curvature of a simple closed curve in the Euclidean plane is always exactly 2 π, the total absolute curvature of a simple closed curve is also always at least 2 π.

  4. Curvature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvature

    The curvature is the norm of the derivative of T with respect to s. By using the above formula and the chain rule this derivative and its norm can be expressed in terms of γ′ and γ″ only, with the arc-length parameter s completely eliminated, giving the above formulas for the curvature.

  5. Solid Converter PDF - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_Converter_PDF

    Solid Converter PDF is document reconstruction software from Solid Documents which converts PDF files to editable formats. Originally released for the Microsoft Windows operating system, a Mac OS X version was released in 2010. The current versions are Solid Converter PDF 9.0 for Windows and Solid PDF to Word for Mac 2.1.

  6. Fenchel's theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenchel's_theorem

    In differential geometry, Fenchel's theorem is an inequality on the total absolute curvature of a closed smooth space curve, stating that it is always at least . Equivalently, the average curvature is at least 2 π / L {\displaystyle 2\pi /L} , where L {\displaystyle L} is the length of the curve.

  7. Free statistical software - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_statistical_software

    There are a few reviews of free statistical software. There were two reviews in journals (but not peer reviewed), one by Zhu and Kuljaca [26] and another article by Grant that included mainly a brief review of R. [27] Zhu and Kuljaca outlined some useful characteristics of software, such as ease of use, having a number of statistical procedures and ability to develop new procedures.

  8. Convex curve - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_curve

    For convex curves, the equality of total absolute curvature and total curvature follows from the fact that the curvature has a consistent sign. For closed curves that are not convex, the total absolute curvature is always greater than 2 π {\displaystyle 2\pi } , and its excess can be used as a measure of how far from convex the curve is.

  9. List of formulas in Riemannian geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_formulas_in...

    This is a list of formulas encountered in Riemannian geometry. Einstein notation is used throughout this article. This article uses the "analyst's" sign convention for Laplacians, except when noted otherwise.

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