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  2. Dependent and independent variables - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_and_independent...

    In mathematics, a function is a rule for taking an input (in the simplest case, a number or set of numbers) [5] and providing an output (which may also be a number). [5] A symbol that stands for an arbitrary input is called an independent variable, while a symbol that stands for an arbitrary output is called a dependent variable. [6]

  3. Instrumental variables estimation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_variables...

    This works because IV solves for the unique parameter that satisfies =, and therefore hones in on the true underlying parameter as the sample size grows. Now an extension: suppose that there are more instruments than there are covariates in the equation of interest, so that Z is a T × M matrix with M > K .

  4. Analysis of covariance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis_of_covariance

    For example, the categorical variable(s) might describe treatment and the continuous variable(s) might be covariates (CV)'s, typically nuisance variables; or vice versa. Mathematically, ANCOVA decomposes the variance in the DV into variance explained by the CV(s), variance explained by the categorical IV, and residual variance.

  5. Control variable - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_variable

    A variable in an experiment which is held constant in order to assess the relationship between multiple variables [a], is a control variable. [2] [3] A control variable is an element that is not changed throughout an experiment because its unchanging state allows better understanding of the relationship between the other variables being tested.

  6. Integration by parts - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_by_parts

    The function which is to be dv is whichever comes last in the list. The reason is that functions lower on the list generally have simpler antiderivatives than the functions above them. The rule is sometimes written as "DETAIL", where D stands for dv and the top of the list is the function chosen to be dv. An alternative to this rule is the ...

  7. Mediation (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediation_(statistics)

    Simple mediation model. The independent variable causes the mediator variable; the mediator variable causes the dependent variable. In statistics, a mediation model seeks to identify and explain the mechanism or process that underlies an observed relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable via the inclusion of a third hypothetical variable, known as a mediator ...

  8. Bivariate analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivariate_analysis

    Examples are Spearman’s correlation coefficient, Kendall’s tau, Biserial correlation, and Chi-square analysis. Pearson correlation coefficient Three important notes should be highlighted with regard to correlation:

  9. Confounding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confounding

    Confounding is defined in terms of the data generating model. Let X be some independent variable, and Y some dependent variable.To estimate the effect of X on Y, the statistician must suppress the effects of extraneous variables that influence both X and Y.